Geography and Culture Essay

The speech of Chief Seattle talked about the decline of the race of American Indians in the United States as long as the land that they used to till and call their own. The Whites have taken over their society and their culture is on the decline. Yet, he does not blame the Whites alone for their predicament; the chief also blames their young men and pointed out that change is very much present in the world. The Red men no longer seem to have rights and the need for country. California is a very dynamic society in the world today. If it became an independent country, it would be the fifth largest economy all over the world. Furthermore, it would also become the most populous State with the largest number of ethnicities present. It has the potential to become a cultural hub and exchange where various cultures and attitudes come together. The migration of different ethnic groups to California contributes to its prosperity. When ethnic groups go there, they also bring with them their contacts and their connections. In the process, these ethnic groups can connect with the rest of the world, enhancing the economic and cultural life of California. Through this backdrop of multiculturalism, the import and export trade of California is also enhanced. In this highly globalized world, connection with other nations and economies all over the world is highly desirable and can help enhance the economic prosperity of a nation.

Health Law and Regulations Essay

In understanding regulatory agencies the differences between regulation and legislation needs defining. Legislation is the law that has been passed by a voting process and regulation is the responsibility of the regulatory board appointed to enforce laws once the law is passed; it sets forth rules on how the laws are to be implemented and to what degree. In health care the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has the predominant responsibility to enforce legislation that impacts the health and well-being of Americans. Under the umbrella of HHS there are 13 regulatory agencies tasked with setting rules on the enforcement of the legislation passed by lawmakers. Regulatory Agencies Two of the most influential regulatory agencies within HHS are the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), these two agencies have substantial influence on every aspect of health care delivery. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, medical devices, drugs, vaccines, blood products and biologics. In addition, they monitor medical errors and adverse reactions and reporting such to providers, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). CMS controls the Medicare program and works in collaboration with state governments to oversee Medicaid, and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). In addition to these responsibilities, CMS dispenses criteria from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), surveys and certifies quality standards in long-term care facilities, and clinical laboratories, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The proportion of national health spending sponsored by both federal, state, and local governments was 45% in 2010, a significant source of revenue depended on by providers of health care, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). Current FDA Regulations The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC Act), amended the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) to create a shortened authorization route for medications found to be â€Å"highly similar† or â€Å"interchangeable† with an FDA-approved medication, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). The goal is similar to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (â€Å"Hatch-Waxman Act†), which produced condensed methods for the approval of drug products under Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&C Act). The outcome is aimed at the FDA’s instituted policy of allowing confidence on what is already known about a drug, thus protecting time and resources, (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). To help increase access to affordable prescription medications, the FDA implemented measures to expedite the development and approval of generic drugs. Generic drugs cost 50 to 70% less than their brand-name counterparts equating to a savings of eight to ten billion dollars a year at retail pharmacies, (Crawford, June). These savings do not include the use of generic drugs in an institutional setting. PPAC expands on the practice of generic drugs and incorporates using medications that have the same efficacy as another more expensive medication leading to more options in the prescribing of medications. The practice of using generic drugs is not without concern. As evidenced by the case Pliva v. Mensing where the question was; the safety standards for brand-name drug labeling also apply to generic-drug manufacturers. The patients in the case took the generic drug metoclopramide and developed tardive dyskinesia, which was listed on the label. The patients argued the warning was not adequate and the manufacturer argued the â€Å"changes being effected† process was not available to generic-drug manufacturers because the FDA requires labels for generic versions of drugs to be identical to those of the brand-name drugs, (Glantz & Annas, 2011). The FDA upheld the manufacturer’s claim although the FDA added the manufacturer had a responsibility to request a label change if the manufacturer knew a stronger warning was needed to market the drug safely. The court found in favor of the manufacturer stating â€Å"federal law still preempted injured patients from bringing lawsuits in state courts, because the state laws in question require a safer label, not communicating with the FDA about the possibility of creating a safer label,† (Glantz & Annas, 2011, p. 682). Despite this regulatory standing, a controversial issue may entail for the FDA in the allowance of medications to be â€Å"interchanged† to promote an additional avenue for savings in prescription medications. Much foresight needs to be included to protect the safety and well-being of patients. Current CMS Regulations The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), is legislation aimed at the adoption and â€Å"meaningful use† of health information technology. CMS was authorized to establish incentive programs for eligible Medicare and Medicaid providers who adopt, implement, upgrade, or â€Å"meaningfully use† certified electronic health records (EHR). The term â€Å"meaningful use† is an acknowledgement that improved health care is not the product of technology but a method to exchange and use health information to support clinical decisions at the point of care. To qualify for CMS’ incentive program the provider must obtain certified electronic health record technology. An incentive of $44 thousand can be achieved by an eligible professional who shows â€Å"meaningful use† over a five year period. Hospitals implementing a certified EHR system can qualify for a t wo million dollar base payment. In 2015 Medicare will implement a reduction in payment to those not displaying â€Å"meaningful use†. The decrease in payment begins at one percent and rises each year that hospitals and providers receiving Medicare payments do not make evident â€Å"meaningful use,† to a maximum reduction of five percent, (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011). The use of EHRs is encouraged by touting improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of health care delivery. A study on the use of EHR in 2952 hospitals in the United States revealed 12% of hospitals had instituted electronic physicians’ notes across all clinical units and 17% had instituted computerized provider-order entry for medications in all clinical units, (Jha, et al., 2009). The cited barriers to implementation of EHR were inadequate capital (74%), maintenance costs (44%), resistance of physicians (36%), unclear return on investment (32%), and lack of available staff with expertise i n information technology (30%), (Jha, et al., 2009). Ironically, the hospitals who had implemented the use of EHRs cited financial reasons such as additional compensation for electronic health record use (82%) and financial enticements for implementation (75%), (Jha, et al., 2009). The estimated cost of purchasing, installing, and implementing an EHR system in a provider’s office is approximately $40,000 and this figure does not reflect the cost of maintenance, (Blumentha, 2009). A survey by the American Hospital Association revealed â€Å"the median annual capital investment on information technology was over $700,000 and represented 15% of all capital expenses. Operating expenses were much higher at $1.7 million, or 2 percent of all operating expenses,† (National Institutes of Health, 2006, p. 18). Although there are indisputable reasons for implementing an EHR system, CMS’ incentive program is merely a pittance compared to the ongoing costs of operational expenses. The concept of all health care providers possessing an EHR system is ideal. As with any form of electronic technology comes the prospect of personal information being violated. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) does provide for penalties from $100 to $1.5 million, depending on the violation and whether it was done unknowingly or willfully and can include imprisonment up to 10 years. HIPAA protects the health information of individuals; â€Å"it does not create a private cause of action for those aggrieved,† (The General Counsel Department of Health and Human Services, 2005). Conclusion Federal regulatory agencies are a necessity to interpret and assist in the implementation of legislation. Without federal regulatory agencies the United States would have over 50 different interpretations on one piece of legislation. The FDA and CMS play a significant role in the ever changing health care arena. The FDA is based on scientific integrity evidenced by the recent publication of defined key principles of scientific integrity. Through this commitment to scientific integrity and quality the FDA provides medical safety to the American people. Through research and establishing guidelines the FDA has been instrumental in making generic drugs available to the public, saving them more than eight billion dollars annually. The PPAC tasked the FDA has been tasked with expanding on the generic drug practice by discovering medications that have the same efficacy as another medications leading to more cost saving options in the prescribing of medications. CMS has been tasked with implementing HITECH that has the promise of decreasing costs and errors in health care delivery. This is a lofty goal with over 80 percent of the United States hospitals without any type of electronic health record in place. The financial incentive provided by the federal government through CMS does not seem to be enough of a motivator to encourage the financial commitment of an EHR. Although, after 2015 when hospitals and providers have not demonstrated â€Å"meaningful use† these providers of Medicare services may be more inclined when losing one percent of their Medicare payments. These regulatory agencies and the legislation cited in this paper are a minute representation of the responsibility and obligation the federal agencies have to protect the well-being of the American people. The cited legislation delegated to these regulatory agencies is not only focused on health but financial constraint and safety of the American people. References Blumentha, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0901592 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, October 17). Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Program Basics. Retrieved from CMS.gov: https://www.cms.gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/35_Basics.asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, September). National Health Expenditures 2010: Sponsor Highlights. Retrieved from CMS.gov: https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/sponsors.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from CMS.gov: http://www.cms.gov/home/aboutcms.asp Crawford, L. (June, 23 2004). The Law of Biologic Medicine. Retrieved from FDA: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113745.htm Glantz, L., & Annas, G. (2011, August 25). Impossible? Outlawing State Safety Laws for Generic Drugs. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1107832 Jha, A., DesRoches, C., Campbell, E. G., Donelan, K., Rao, S., Ferris, T., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 16). Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals. Retrieved from The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900592#t=articleBackground National Institutes of Health. (2006, April). Electronic Health Records Overview. Retrieved from National Institutes of Health: http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications/informatics/EHR.pdf The General Counsel Departmentof Health and Human Services. (2005, June 1). SCOPE OF CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT UNDER 42 U.S.C.  § 1320d-6. Retrieved from The United States Department of Justice: http://www.justice.gov/olc/hipaa_final.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, November 16). FDA Fundamentals. Retrieved from About FDA: http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm192695.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011, March 10). Implementation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009. Retrieved from U.S. Food and Drug Administration: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm215089.htm

On Dumpster Diving Essay

In the essay on Dumpster Diving we read about Lars Eighner Who is a scavenger in the sense that he searches dumpsters for leftover items that can be of aid to him to enable him to eat or to have clothing to wear. In this essay we see numerous rhetorical approaches to grab the reader’s attention in as he conveys a story and a lifestyle that sheds light to an unknown profession. We immediately read about how knowledgeable and passionate the author is about this subject as he comes out almost challenging the Marriam-Webster dictionary on if the word Dumpster should be capitalized or not.When I read Mr.  Eighner, someone who scavenged for food on a daily basis, and yet at the same time was able to challenge the most reputable dictionary I was confident in my choice for my paper His expertise was un-paralleled in that he could dictate exactly how to correctly and safely dumpster dive, and yet at the same time make you feel as if you were not reading an essay from someone who woul d have these types of personal experiences. In his writing he writes long enough on how to correctly evaluate the food found in dumpsters I felt as though if I were to be put on the streets tomorrow I would know what to do.He says that there are three principles to eating out of a Dumpster. He dictates that the first one is to use the senses and common sense to assess the condition of the found materials the second is to know the Dumpsters of a given area and lastly to answer the question of â€Å"why was it discarded? † (par. 7). Here I see his intelligence quite vast as he is able to make up three tentative rules on Dumpster diving from personal experience. Later on we see him discuss how to tell if canned food was good to eat. Most people assume that if it is still in a can it is good to eat, but this is not the case.We writes that canned foods should have some sort of a vacuum and that they should not be bulging, punctured, dented or rusty (par. 10). This display of knowl edge and intelligence is unrivaled and further proves his expertise. Later on he continues to talk about food safety in which he says that dried food is usually the safest, if there is no visible contamination on it (par. 12). His intelligence is once again shown when in the next paragraph he discusses what can be pared away in a vegetable and at what point it becomes too rotten to eat. He articulates that leafy vegetables are usually contaminated by liquids and hard to wash.In these sentences about food safety we are shown a clear and well-articulated rudimentary â€Å"textbook† on how to evaluate foods that may be available to eat and whether or not it is safe to eat. But Lars Eighner does not stop here. After moving on from food safety we see his expertise in his cunning ability to locate good and credible dumpsters, such as one behind a pizza parlor. We then read into why so many pizzas go to waste and are given enough factual evidence that we nearly forget we are reading this essay from someone who hasn’t even worked in the particular restaurant, yet knew very much about it (par.  18).In the next paragraph I read something that would not register to the average reader, or one who might have not studied the text. He said that he had never placed a bogus order to the pizza parlor to receive a free pizza (par. 13). After reading over this a couple of times it leaned me two different thoughts, one was that he was an honest person and the other that he trusted in his expertise and intelligence so much that he did not have to do something like that to get his next meal.This put a lot of confidence in me that if I was thrown out on the streets with only this piece of writing I would be able to make him like Mr. Eighner. This essay or homemade textbook did not stop at food safety though. We are then informed about the different times of the year when people are more wasteful and likely to throw perfectly good food out. Lars Eighner shares that rig ht after college breaks students are more likely to just throw everything out of the fridge in an attempt to become more clean and organized, which lends him some very good resources. (par.  20)He continues on saying that when the parents or dads come to visit their kids they tend to throw everything out, including spirits, porn and drugs. Students are many times more likely to be wasteful as they have a parent or adult pays for nearly every expense, so why would they care? With every paragraph in this essay we are further convinced of Mr. Eighners intellectual superiority when it comes to eating out of a dumpster. He knows where to find the best dumpsters, what times are most successful to scavenge and finally what safety precautions should be taken before eating.

Medicare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medicare - Research Paper Example However, it is of essence to note that this insurance program is faced with numerous challenges that have led to strains on various stakeholders that access help from this program. This essay will attempt to assess the Medicare Insurance Program and the issues that have faced this program, the costs of the challenge and the possible solutions that could help solve the issues facing the insurance program. As Schieber, et al (2009) write, Medicare has had its share of problems for the longest time. Among the challenges that Medicare faces ranges from financial problems to management issues that have seen the insurance program fail to deliver services as would be expected of them. Failure of Medicare to fully deliver its services is huge challenge as the beneficiaries fail to get the required services. With reimbursement of funds being a major challenge, it is obvious that the persons with chronic conditions will not help as they would wish. On a deeper insight, it is evident that the population is growing by the day. Schieber, et al (2009) write that as soon as the younger generation get to their old age, the healthcare system will not provide the required services to the aged. This fact explains the reason behind the healthcare services being very expensive for a majority of US citizens. The Medicare challenges affect a huge percentage of people, organizations and even government agencies. However, it is very crucial to note that the tax payers are the most affected persons by the challenges of Medicare. As seen in the research conducted by Schieber, et al (2009), the American workers are spending too much of their pay towards the Medicare program, but most of them do not enjoy the outcomes of the health service. Worse still, the authors continue to indicate that some individuals actually spend from their pockets to get treatment (Schieber, et al., 2009). An analysis of this fact

R&D Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

R&D Effectiveness - Essay Example The acquisition and R&D based activities of the supplier with the reseller is regarded as vertical R&D based activities. In the case of vertical R&D based activities, both the parties are involved in buyer-seller relationship. The acquisition of the Medico Container Services by Merck is regarded as vertical R&D based activities. The regulatory authorities have appreciated exercises of vertical R&D based activities. It is expected that consumers are also able to benefit from the vertical R&D based activities, because such activities i.e. the integration of the supply chain, increase the efficiencies, the prices stabilize and quality of the services also improve. The R&D based activities of the Time Warner Inc. and Turner Corp., which is entirely different entertainment networks, has improved the services of the entertainment giants greatly. The regulatory authorities expressed their concerns that Time Warner after R&D based activities will be reluctant to offer and sell its video prog rams to other competitors of the cable TV companies, and Turner Corp. will have extra benefit through such bargains of R&D based activities, and Turner Corp. ... The regulatory authority therefore approved the R&D based activities as it was likely to improve the services, through ' Direct Broadcast Satellite and new wireless cable technologies' (Yang, 2005). Microsoft: Research & Development The Research and Development Credit has supported different technological innovations, which has assisted the technology companies in the 'creation and perseverance of high quality of life' for the customers. The performance of research and development are responsible for the positive economic benefits. The revenue has been increased considerably, and the employment opportunities have further expanded, at parallel there has been increase in the purchase of the capital goods, and rate of returns. The implementation of the research and development has resulted in good number of opportunities for the increase in dividends and such practices has contributed towards strengthening of the American tax base. The focus of the American government has been over ensuring that the economic growth is sustainable, and the threat to the global security is minimal, for that purpose the practice and the implementation of the research and development is expected to influence and ensure appropriate surv eillance of the goods imported and exported to the United States, such practice will correspondingly influence and improve the labor and capital requirements. The businesses in American are based on small scale businesses, which accounts for more than ninety percent of the American businesses. These small businesses contribute massively towards the gross national product of the country. The stability and the status of these small scale companies can be ensured provided that such companies are provided with an opportunity to perform in the open market,

Auditing and Assurance Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance Services - Essay Example The objective of the paper signifies the importance of the auditory system along with the reliance level that can be provided towards the audit process. This paper also intends to reflect on the pros and cons of the auditory as well as assurance services that need to be present in the financial statement of the organizations. The auditing process of an organization or a firm involves with the model of accountability, inspection of the monetary reports along with the financial demands for assessment of the auditory system. The audit process in this regards provide with the statements which significantly fulfill the gap of expectations between the user and the financial statements. The auditing process for the organization generally involves with the convenient regulation dealing with control tools of the system. Conducting an auditing and assurance program also assists an organization for the critical assessment of the financial statements with the proper evidence. In this context the application of tools as well as techniques examine the main revenue along with the cost activities of the firm. Management representation of the organization, identifying the errors as well as the weaknesses of the financial activities of the firm is also an important responsibility of the audit process for the organization. Therefore, documentation of the audit and assurance shall provide the management with valuable assistance in taking the initiatives according to the review of the financial statements that were prepared in the audit process of the organization. The assurance service of the auditing process further helps the auditors to keep the record of the evidence in the auditing process of the firm (Pearsoned, â€Å"An Introduction to Auditing and Assurance†). With regards to the pros and cons of the process in the auditing system, it can be said that it may help to forecast the future cost activities of the firm along with the

ARTICLE CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE CRITIQUE - Essay Example just in front of the period. 0.25 error in period. No need for double period after bracket.) It very carefully pointed out that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of 1975(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 there should be a space after1975, just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no need for double period after the bracket and there should be a space just after the period infron of L. erro in double period)The authors even indicated what hospital that the study was done at(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after at just before the bracket. 0.25 there is no space after the period in front of L. There is no need of a double period after the bracket.)The study even indicated how the capsules of medications were processed and delivered in envelopes prepared by this certain Swedish pharmacy(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 error in spacing after pharmacy. Ther should be a space after pharmacy. 0.25 there should also be a space after the period in front of L. 0.25 there is no need of double period after the bracket)The study determined that Celecoxib does not increase perioperative blood loss but reduces pain during the postoperative period after total knee replacement(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007).. (0.25 no space after replacement. 0.25 no space after the period infornt of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket) So it is not necessary to discontinue celecoxib before surgery(Meunier, A., Lisander. B., and Good. L.2007)..  (0.25 no space between surgery and the bracket. 0.25 no space after the period in front of L. 0.25 no need for double period after the bracket.) The use of lidocaine and fentanyl in spinal anesthesia has been found to be very safe, effective, and efficient anesthetic but it has frequently caused nausea, vomiting, and pruritus, which then can lead to a delayed

The impact of cultural diversity on employee performance of Research Proposal

The impact of cultural diversity on employee performance of transnational corporatiosn TCNs in algeria - Research Proposal Example People’s age, culture, and gender make them perceive the world in different ways. These perceptions are a key to creative thinking, which, in turn, is the key to successful performance of the organization. In real sense, diversity should not be taken to be a problem but instead it should be taken as an advantage. To excel, the organizations must comprehend and use the traditions, skills and backgrounds of a diverse staff (Mazur & Bialostocka 2010). In reality, diversity endows businesses a key benefit in the marketplace. Our wider range of standpoints offers a spectrum of talents – painstaking craftsmanship, for instance, which can enhance many aspects of processes and product research. Diversity assists when: you are doing marketing internationally; negotiating with customers from abroad; launching a drive to a new population – whether international or domestic (Cox & Blake 1991). Cultural diversity has a positive impact on the company performance in regards to revenue generation and profitability as well as non financial growth of the company (Hartenian and Gudmundson 2000) and therefore management should focus on managing diversity rather than minimizing diversity. Organization practice diversity for various reasons such as compliance with the law but a good manager should encourage diversity since it’s advantageous to the company since it pools together people with different capabilities. Diversity represent different concept to many people and therefore there is need to identify specific aspects of diversity in regard to specific organization. Once you understand cultural diversity, your company can appeal to a wider base of staff, and that in turn will enhance you staffing. As you make diversity a key part of policy and measures, it is imperative to work at all degrees and in every department (Cooley & Lewkowicz 2004). Plan strategically at top management levels to incorporate multiethnic motivating and managing; recruit distin ct leaders not just employees; train supervisors in multiethnic skills; review selection and interviewing selection procedures (Cox & Beale 1997). The principals enhancing cultural diversity include: reducing inequality, cultural diversity and encouraging participation. Valuing diversity involves fostering a community that appreciates the benefits and values of a culturally diverse and rich society (Cooley & Lewkowicz 2004). This involves in the active promotion of respect, discouraging racism, harmony and negative stereotyping. Reducing disparity entails recognizing the right of people of varying national ethnic and religious backgrounds to exercise share, and enjoy their culture. Encouraging participation involves availing opportunities for all people to fully participate in public and civil life (Tiedt & Tiedt 1995). Employee performance is influenced by many factors including the following: family; knowledge and skills; adaptability; support from superiors; health; social values ; workplace; and ethics. Most past research has focused on the influence of these factors on performance of employees in diverse organizations. However, little effort has been placed on the influence of cultural diversity on the performance of staff. In light of this, the present research seeks to fill this gap by determining the influence of cultural diversity on the performance of the employees of transnational corporations in Algeria (Ho 1996). This

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example Recent research on categorization has led to scholars questioning the assumption and trying to test the impacts of two variables which are moderating on the customer needs categorization (Hamilton, 2005). Categorizing Customer Needs in Computer Software Sales Selling computer software is a business to business (B2B) activity. Hence, there is a need of categorizing customer needs for this activity. There is a method provided that helps the organization in the identification and categorization of the customer’s visits or contacts with the customer service center. This means that the organization has been provided with a method of identifying the customer’s problem or goal. The organization has also been using this method to categorize the customer needs into set that are centered on behavior. Hence, the organizations has integrated customer categorization and goal thereby initiating a foundation for optimizing the direction of the customer’s request through an appr opriate center. This method helps the organization in the collection of information that is related to the customer’s behavior. The organization then uses the information in the determination of the optimum manner that customer’s needs can be handled (Gupta, 2001). ... One the customers have been consulted, the organization then interprets the customers’ needs correctly in specs and design. Hence, the organization then provides operational definitions of output (Fader, 2010). Best Measures for Actual and Potential Value for the Customer Base Customer base refers to the grouping of the customers or consumers that an organization servers. The customer base is mainly composed of repeat customers with high ration of purchase over a given period. The best measure for actual and potential value for the customer base is the Eyeball Approach. The Eyeball Approach is based on the assumption that companies need to rapidly acquire customers so that they can grow. This also enhances the chances of the company to gain first mover advantage and also helps in the creation of network externalities which are very strong. For the organization that is involved in selling computer software to other businesses, the Eyeball Approach is also very advantageous base d on the fact that the number of businesses coming into the customer care desk indicates to the organization whether the organization is registering a positive growth. With an increase in the number of customers that are coming to the organization, it means that the organization is developing positively. This also means that its actual value for the customer base is very high. This also indicates that the potential value for the customer base is also very favorable to the organization. Hence, it is important for the organization to use the Eyeball Approach to assess the actual and potential value for the customer base (Hamilton, 2005). Why the Eyeball Approach is Advantageous The assumptions of the Eyeball Approach have been

Globalization's impact on the spread of infectious diseases Annotated Bibliography

Globalization's impact on the spread of infectious diseases - Annotated Bibliography Example ue of racism in Toronto as the people from East Asia where the virus had initiated from started being isolated and discriminated against as a result of the virus and them being different. The Asians were segregated from the Canadians and the increase in racialization spread even more and the effects are still being felt to date. The conclusion from this article is that globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases thousands of miles away from the area of origination and this is leading to other unwarranted and unwanted effects such as racism. The race that the infectious disease originates from is discriminated against and segregated as well as blamed for the spread of the disease or infection just like the Chinese were segregated by the Canadians in Toronto even though the disease spread as a result of interaction and connectedness but leads to inequality. Brown, T. (2011). ‘Vulnerability is universal’: Considering the place of ‘security’ and ‘vulnerability’ within contemporary global health discourse. Social Sciences & Medicine, 72: 319-326. The global health standards have been and continue to be affected by the increase in the multiple threats of the infectious diseases all over the world. With global connectedness and interactions increasing, there traditional border defenses and securities are weakening and hence allowing people the movement all over the world hence continuing to spread the infectious diseases everywhere. What this does is to increase the vulnerability of the people and exposing them to more diseases, spreads the panic over the diseases and eventually becoming an epidemiological threat to the health of the people. Fighting of these diseases has become even harder for the world because of the increase in environmental degradation, intensive farming practices, rapid urbanization as well as misusing of antimicrobials. All these contribute to the humanity becoming more vulnerable to the diseases and dying in

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact Essay

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact - Essay Example Since the Swiss and European banks operate in a different way, this new scenario poses new challenges for implementing controls. The economy in the past years has been weak to say the least. Banks have been defaulting in loans as creditors have failed to pay their loans. These trickled effects have been a domino effect internationally. When one bank is hit by a fraud, it has a dynamic impact throughout the banks in the international front. One of the major banks that recently was charged for dealing with unauthorized revenue was UBS. The bank already was mounted with numerous amounts of risks and troubles prior to this massive problem. The Wall Street Journal reports that UBS was charged $2 billion for conducting unauthorized trades. The news pretty much shocked the financial market as the UBS AG accumulated a hefty $2 billion in losses. The crisis slammed shares of UBS, which on Thursday fell nearly 11% in Swiss trading and 10% in New York Stock Exchange trading. The British Police arrested a man for committing fraud and playing with equities. The news that UBS lost $2 million took a big detrimental hit as the losses crippled the European economy. The Europeans have become increasingly uneasy about withdrawing equity from Euro Zone banks. The convicted felon was a man known as Kweku Adoboli, a London-based trader who worked in the exchange desk. The British police confirmed that they arrested an individual who was committing fraud but have not charged him yet. According to officials, Mr. Adoboli was certified to work in the securities business since March 2006. Mr. Adoboli’s past experience in trading enabled him to conduct this fraud in a very passive manner. The felon was under a different alias in the popular job site called LinkedIn. Authorities are still not aware whether he still works for that bank. The bank officials made the discovery late when the London police informed the administration. Around 3.30 at night, the police confirmed their arrest of the felon. However, some parts of the how Mr. Adoboli conducted this scheme seem vague to officials. The officials were also unable to determine the casualties since UBS operates in major countries including United Kingdom. In midst of all these things, UBS discovered the hefty losses that they incurred. The UBS bank is still working hard to assure that all the positions are closed. In addition, the bank took a deep hit as their reported revenue fell from $8.2 billion to a $2.7 billion loss. The new shock undoubtedly raised the p roblem of the internal management control that were lacking in the band. Additionally, the unawareness the managers possessed was shocking. The management internal controls lacked the adequate understanding of mitigating the risks as this felon was free to conduct trades at his own will. Clearly, the bank’s risk-management system had flaws since it had to write down $50 billion in securities exchange. Collins Stewart, a key analysis of financial markets depicts the demise of this situation as he states, â€Å""A loss of this magnitude will very likely have occurred in the [fixed-income, currencies and commodities] division, the very division UBS has been systematically rebuilding after shrinking it by 40% during the credit crisis.† Undoubtedly, this will trouble the foreign markets. In addition, it might hurt the currency exchange as the Euro rate will dip down. It will also cause collateral damage as other banks might default in their loans. This

Childrens Functional Health Pattern Assessment Essay Example for Free

Childrens Functional Health Pattern Assessment Essay The U.S. health care delivery system has gone through enormous and transformational changes in the past two decades. The traditional hospital-centered health care delivery is no longer able to support the expanded demands of health care services, especially outside hospitals. In the same token, the traditional role of a nurse as bedside direct caregiver is insufficient to meet the accelerating needs of nurses in other areas, such as health promotion and disease prevention, case management, leadership and research. As a result of that, preparation of the entry-level of professional nurses requires a broader competencies so that nurses are educationally prepared to function with more independence in delivering diversified care. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) recognized the Bachelor of Science degree in nursing as the minimum educational requirement for professional nursing practice (AACN, 2000). There are significant differences between associate degree nursing programs and baccalaureate degree nursing programs. The baccalaureate program not only include all of curriculum in the associate degree programs, but also provides in-depth study in physical and social sciences, nursing research, leadership and management, community and public health nursing, patient education, and the humanities (Johnston, 2009). The broader and more in-depth education enhance professional development and critical thinking. The baccalaureate graduate is prepared to better understand many issues in culture, society, economy and politics. Such skills are essential for todays nursing professionals. In clinical practice, associate degree nurses provide bedside care in less complex situation while baccalaureate degree nurses design and manage a comprehensive plan of care. They understand more in patients signs and symptoms, supervise other nursing personnel, support staff, and guide patients through the complicated health care resources in a community, and educate patients on health care options and advanced directives . Over the past several years, researchers and policymakers have identified that educational preparation does make a huge difference in how nurses practice. Johnsons (1988) meta-analysis indicated that there were  significant differences between professional (baccalaureate degree) and technical (associate degree and diploma) nurses on measures of nurse performance. Measures included communication skills, knowledge, problem-solving, and professional role. Pardue (1987) investigated the differences in critical thinking ability and decision-making skills among 121 associate degree, diploma, baccalaureate, and masters prepared nurses. Results indicated that nurses with masters and baccalaureate degrees had the highest scores in critical thinking ability. In my hospital the ICU nurses are BSNs, and they are responsible for patient education in addition to providing bedside care. An example of a patient care situation that was positively affected by having a BSN nurse available, recently occurred at the department where I work. A 37 year-old lady who is a post-liver transplant patient was admitted to the ICU for organ rejection and severe anemia. The medication compliance issue was brought up by the resident doctors. The ICU nurse provided medication reconciliation and discovered that patient often missed Prednisone. The nurse therefore spent more time on educating post-transplant immunosuppressant medications and reinforcing the importance to be compliant with medication regimen. The patient finally confessed that Prednisone made her gain lots of weight, which was the main reason why she did not take this medication. The nurse researched clinical evidence based on patients primary diagnosis and corresponded medical treatment options. She realized that patient has a diagnosis of recurrent autoimmune hepatitis and Prednisone is one of medications that treat autoimmune disease. The ICU nurse called out a meeting with the multidisciplinary team included the transplant social worker, pharmacist, nutritionist, nurse practitioners and surgeons. Patient and her care giver husband were also invited to the discussion of the plan for her care. Because of the shared decision making, the transplant team agreed to lower her Prednisone dose to the minimum and add a small dose of diuretic to avoid water retention caused by Prednisone. Through social workers help, patient agreed to take Prednisone every day and her husband promised to remind her to take the medication. Nutritionist provided consultation in fluid and salt restriction. This example demonstrated that the baccalaureate degree nurse was well prepared to understand the pathophysiology and disease process. She conducted research study and obtained the best available evidence in reference to patients care. Finally she used her coordination and collaboration skills and gathered a meeting of the multidisciplinary team and patients family. She also demonstrated a strong leadership skill in case management. She placed patient at the center of the care and approached to a shared decision-making. Without any doubt, her performance is a result of the educational preparation she received from the baccalaureate nursing program. If this case was handled by an associated degree nurse, her educational skill sets might not have prepare her to fulfill the task. References - American Association of College of Nursing (2000). The baccalaureate degree in nursing as minimal preparation for professional practice. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/bacc-degree-prep - Johnson, J. H. (1988). Differences in the performance of baccalaureate, associate degree, and diploma nurses: A meta-analysis. Research in Nursing Health, 11, 183 197. DOI: 10.1002/nur.4770110307 - Johnston, K. A. (2009). The importance of the baccalaureate degree in nursing education. Retrieved from http://www.peoriamagazines.com/ibi/2009/apr/importance-baccalaureate-degree-nursing-education - Pardue, S. F. (1987). Decision-making skills and critical thinking ability among associate degree, diploma, baccalaureate, and masters-prepared nurses. Journal of Nursing Education, 26, 354-61.

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Forensic Bio analysis Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Phenylbutazone (C19H20N2O2 see figure 1 below) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Bute as it is more commonly known, is widely used for the treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue inflammation in horses. It was used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in humans, but after serious issues and side effects was withdrawn. The main metabolites of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) are Oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and Hydroxyphenbutazone (HPBZ). As with most drugs Phenylbutazone has legal uses and also illegal uses. Despite Bute’s significant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has the capacity to affect racing performance in racehorses. The various racing regulatory bodies have varying permitted limits in pre and post-race samples, as they respect the need to discriminate between doping and the genuine therapeutic use of the drug. Figure 1. As such the need for stringent and accurate testing is crucial. There are various methods of testing and it is dependent upon the sample type which is best to use. Sampling in itself has issues blood tests are very invasive, but on the other hand gaining a urine sample is very awkward and hazard prone. Pharmacokinetics According to (Chay et al., 1984), (Lees, Maitho and Taylor, 1985; Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), (Smith et al., 1987), (Landuyt, Delbeke and Debackere, 1993), the bioavailability of PBZ is in the range of 60% 91%. However it should also be noted that these studies showed variations in the rate of absorption between and within horses.(Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981) and (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), also showed that the rate of absorption is dependent on whether or not the horse has been fed. When food has been withheld from the treated horse for between 3 and 4 hours, before and after being dosed with PBZ, the maximum concentration in plasma according to (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), occurs at 4 to 6 hours. If the horse as constant access to fed, there is a small initial peak in in plasma concentration after 1 to 2 hours. This is then followed by a much larger absorption phase from 10 to 24 hours, which gives it a Tmax (amount of time that a drug is present at the maximum concentration in serum) of 12 to 14 hours. (Lees et al., 1986), explain that the distribution of PBZ from plasma to interstitial and trans-cellular fluids is limited, with the distribution volume being small 0.1 0.3 L/kg. Even though distribution is limited, it reaches sites of acute inflammation easily; this may be accountable to increased blood flow in the area and increased capillary permeability. (Rowland and Tozer, 2005), indicate that the distribution of the drug bound to plasma protein, in plasma, in extracellular fluid and in the rest of the body can be predicted. This is done by taking into account the fu (free fraction in plasma). In horses, the fu is 2% and the volume of distribution 0.17 L/kg. Using these figures Rowland and Tower, 2009 predicted that 29.4% of PBZ in the horses’ body will be in the plasma, 45.5% being present in the extracellular fluid and only 25% in the remainder of the body. Elimination of PBZ is principally dependant on hepatic metabolism. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that in test exercise conditions hepatic clearance became significantly decreased. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that renal clearance contributed to PBZ elimination. They found that elimination was shown to be similar at rest, 11.2% and at exercise, 12.9%. PBZ is lipophilic molecule, as such some of the drug is subsequently reabsorbed. As a result of this the urine, plasma concentration ratio in horses is low at around 2:1, (Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981). Analytical Methods HPLC (Grippa et al., 2000a) used HPLC (Reversed phase) to determine the presence and quantity of PBZ in equine serum. The serum was mixed with an internal standard, evaporated, re-suspended and then analysed, using a C-18 column which had been calibrated using acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid. The (Grippa et al., 2000a) method had a LOQ (limit of quantification) of 0.5 µg/ml and a LOD (limit of detection) 0.5 µg/ml. This method is only for the determination of the presence of PBZ. The only detector mentioned is a UV monitor which would simply say if it was present but not in what quantity it was is present. If an MS (mass spectrometer) was attached however, the PBZ could be quantified as well. There are however disadvantages to HPLC-MS and these are mainly associated with the MS. The molecular weight is not sufficient for identification and fragmentation is required. This can be achieved using MS-MS instruments such as triple Quadra-pole or ion trap. It can however only analyse volatile components The MS-MS works in two stages. The 1st stage MS isolates ion of interest and fragments and the 2nd stage produces mass spectrum of fragments. Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE) (Meucci et al., 2013), developed a new analytical method for detecting and quantifying PBZ in equine plasma. The technique is based on electrochemical sensing, they used disposable graphite based screen printed electrodes and DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) for detection after the sample has gone through the MISPE (molecular imprinted solid phase extraction) procedure. Liquid Chromatography Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) can also be used as a detection method after elution from the MISPE (Harun, Anderson and Cormack, 2010). The accuracy of the (Meucci et al., 2013) method was shown to be more than 94% at 3 different concentrations. The LOQ (limit of quantification) was 0.01 µg/ml and the LOD (limit of detection) was 0.005 µg/ml. There method was validated using HPLC and the correlation of results was found to be r2 >0.999. This is a new method and with a new method comes criticism and the need to iron out the little flaws etc. This method has however been validated in comparison with HPLC. GC-MS (Gonzalez et al., 1996) method uses GC-MS to detect the presence of PBZ and OPBZ in equine plasma. Samples were prepared using an internal standard and the pH was adjusted to between 2 and 3. After missing and centrifugation, separated and evaporated to then undergo derivatisation. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the column was fused-silica cross-linked with methyl-silicone. The temperature of the detector and injector port was at a constant 280 °C, whereas the oven temperature was increased from 100 °C to 200 °C and then onto 300 °C. The LOD (limit of detection) for PBZ was 10ng/ml and for OPBZ 25ng/ml. The problems with GC-MS are mainly associated with the GC not the MS, these being that it can only analyse volatile components and most controlled substances i.e. drugs have to be derivatised prior to analysis. ELISA Elisa screening for drugs is a particularly sensitive and quick way of identifying if a drug is present. Due to the sensitivity of immunoassay screening, ELISA is usually used as a kind of ‘presumptive’ test before going ahead with the more expensive methods. Randox life sciences have developed an ELISA specifically for Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone (Kwiatkowski et al., 1989). It has an LOD of 2.01ng/ml and a calibration range of 0-90 ng/ml. Sample preparation is minimal with only a dilution required before the test can be performed. Preferred Method GC-MS has a better LOD than both HPLC and the MISPE methods, however sample preparation makes this method very laborious. The MISPE methods results were validated using HPLC and the correlation was very promising as a novel alternative to the more traditional HPLC and GC-MS methods. The MISPE method also had better LOQ and LOD than the HPLC method. Initially due to the high sensitivity and relative cheapness of the test I would first perform an ELISA to confirm the presence, provided enough sample was present. Providing a ‘presumptive’ positive had been gained, the preferred analytical method to detect PBZ in horse blood samples would then be the MISPE, (with Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers method). Because it outranks even the gold standard techniques for ease of use and results gained. Internal standards An internal standard is a chemical substance which is added in a constant, consistent amount to the samples to be analyzed, the blank and calibration standards used in any given analysis. This substance is then used for calibration purposes by plotting the ratio of the signal of the analyte to the internal standard signal. This done in order to correct the loss of analyte, which occurs during sample preparation or at the point of inlet. (Grippa et al., 2000b) Used probenecid as the internal standard when looking for Phenylbutazone through HPLC analysis. However, no internal standard information was available for the internal standard used in the MISPE method. The internal standard is a very similar compound, but not identical to the analyte of interest in the samples. The internal standard should the then be affected in the same way during sample preparation etc. as the analyte of interest. Validation Method validation by HPLC analysis Method validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness are all guidelines for validation. The electrochemical-based sensing method was compared with HPLC reference analysis in order to validate the method. The PBZ content of various spiked equine samples was tested using the two methods after the sample had been extracted using the MISPE procedure. The study’s findings with voltammetry-based sensing showed very good agreement with results obtained by HPLC analysis. Statistical tests on the data at the 95% significance level generated a correlation line with the following equation and correlation coefficient: y = 0.9997  ± 0.0043x + 0.00072  ± 0.012, r2 = 0.9998 for PBZ This showed an excellent correlation between the new developed method and the reference gold standard HPLC analysis. Therefore the proposed DPV-based method coupled to MISPE was shown to be very suitable for the quantitative analysis of PBZ in equine plasma. Linearity, LOQ/LOD and Accuracy and Precision Linearity Linearity is the sample concentration range where analyte response is linearly proportional to the concentration. The study performed a linearity test calibration curve with PBZ using standard solutions and the measurements were repeated nine times. The study’s criteria for r2 and g were r2 ≠¥ 0.99 and g≠¤10%. The regression lines were found to have the following equation: y = 0.04x + 0.01, r2 = 0.99 and g 3.7% for PBZ. Accuracy and precision Precision is the amount of scatter in results taken from multiple analysis. Accuracy is the Closeness of measured value to true answer. The precision of the study’s method was checked using replicates, 10 were performed on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions of PBZ. There were two types of precision and accuracy were assessed, within-day precision and accuracy and between-day. The within-day samples were assessed using blank plasma samples spiked with PBZ at 0.05 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml and 10 g/. These were extracted using the MISPE-procedure and analyse took place on the same day. Between-day samples were assessed using the same samples as the within-day tests. The acceptance criteria for accuracy were −20% to +10% of the theoretical concentration. The study found that the accuracy of the estimated PBZ concentration was more than 94% at three concentrations used as quality control samples. The precision expressed as inter-day coefficient of variation ranged from 2.6% to 6.5% and the intra-day CV% ranged from 1.5% to 5.0%. The coefficients of variation of 10 replicate analyses on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions were 1.5% for PBZ. LOQ and LOD The sensitivity of the method was shown as the limit of quantification. This limit was set at 10 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The limit of detection was set at 3.3 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The LOQ and LOD for PBZ was 0.01g/ml. This study found that the LOQ using this novel method are lower than those obtained with HPLC had a LOQ of 0.5 g/ml and GC/MS had a LOQ of 0.05 g/ml in analyses. The presented results compared favourably with those obtained with LC/MS/MS, which had a LOQ of 0.01 g/ml during analysis. Conclusion The comparison to all the known ‘Gold standard’ methods showed this method to be more sensitive and less expensive, both in terms of analysis time and instrumentation costs. References Authie, E. C., Garcia, P., Popot, M. A., Toutain, P. L., and Doucet, M. (2010) Effect of an endurance-like exercise on the disposition and detection time of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in the horse: application to medication control. Equine Vet J. Vol.42(3), pp.240-7. Chay, S., Woods, W. E., Nugent, T. E., Weckman, T., Houston, T., Sprinkle, F., Blake, J. W., Tobin, T., Soma, L. R., Yocum, J., and et al. (1984) Population distributions of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after oral and i.v. dosing in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.7(4), pp.265-76. Gerring, E. L., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1981) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in the horse. Equine Vet J. Vol.13(3), pp.152-7. Gonzalez, G., Ventura, R., Smith, A. K., de la Torre, R., and Segura, J. (1996) Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. Vol.719(1), pp.251-64. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000a) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000b) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Harun, N., Anderson, R. A., and Cormack, P. A. (2010) Analysis of ketamine and norketamine in hair samples using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem. Vol.396(7), pp.2449-59. Kwiatkowski, S., Goodman, J. P., Stanley, S. D., Tai, C. L., Yang, J. M., Wood, T., Sturma, L., Woods, W. E., Tian, Z. G., Bertram, S., Tai, H. H., Weckman, T. J., Chang, S. L., Blake, J. W., Watt, D. S., Tobin, T., Mcdonald, J., Wie, S., Chung, R. A., Brecht, J. M., Conner, J. C., Dahl, P. A., Lewis, E. L., Prange, C. A., and Uboh, C. E. (1989) Immunoassay Detection of Drugs in Racing Horses .10. Detection of Phenylbutazone in Equine Blood and Urine by Particle Concentration Fluoroimmunoassay and Elisa. Research Communications in Substances of Abuse. Vol.10(2), pp.123-139. Landuyt, J., Delbeke, F. T., and Debackere, M. (1993) The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.16(4), pp.494-500. Lees, P., Maitho, T. E., and Taylor, J. B. (1985) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in two age groups of ponies: a preliminary study. Vet Rec. Vol.116(9), pp.229-32. Lees, P., Taylor, J. B., Higgins, A. J., and Sharma, S. C. (1986) Phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone distribution into tissue fluids in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(2), pp.204-12. Maitho, T. E., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1986) Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(1), pp.26-39. Meucci, V., Vanni, M., Sgorbini, M., Odore, R., Minunni, M., and Intorre, L. (2013) Determination of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine in equine plasma by electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. Vol.179 pp.226-231. Rowland, M., and Tozer, T. N. (2005) Clinical pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Smith, P. B., Caldwell, J., Smith, R. L., Horner, M. W., and Moss, M. S. (1987) The bioavailability of phenylbutazone in the horse. Xenobiotica. Vol.17(4), pp.435-43. B00222603Forensic Bio-analysisPage 1

Moral Panics And Create Folk Devils

Moral Panics And Create Folk Devils There are many ways in which the media can incite moral panics and produce folk devils and one way in which this is possible is through labelling. Moral entrepreneurs, who dislike some particular behaviour such as drug takings, may use the media to put pressure on the authorities to do something. This is an important element in the process in creating moral panic. This refers to an exaggerated over-reaction by society to a perceived problem- usually fuelled or inspired by the media. The media also help to make the problem bigger and blow it out of proportion. There are many ways in which the media can stimulate this. In a moral panic, the media identify a group as a folk devil. Folk devil can be identified as a threat to societys values. The media also present the group in a negative stereotypical fashion and again exaggerate the scale of the problem. Also the respectable people of the society such as, bishops, politicians and police chiefs condemn the group and its behaviour. Usually this would lead to a crackdown on the threatening groups. In spite of this, it may result in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy that amplifies the very problem that caused the panic in the first place. This could be seen in the instance with cases of drugs. As a result police set up drugs squads and in turn find out more drugs and the crackdown identifies more deviants, which then calls for even tougher action creating a deviance amplification spiral. The most influential study was by Stanley Cohen, which was featured in his book Folk Devils and Moral Panics. He examined the role of the media and the medias response to disturbances between 2 groups of teenagers. The Mods and the Rockers were two groups of largely working class teenagers, at English seaside resorts from 1964-1966, and Cohen examined the way in which this created a moral panic. The mods were distinguished as wearing smart clothes and rode scooters and listened to pop and soul, whilst rockers wore leather jackets and rode motorbikes and listened to rock and roll. Although in the early stages, distinctions were not very clear. On the Easter weekend 1964 there were a few scuffles and broken windows and some beach huts were destroyed. Although the disorder was minimal, the media over reacted. In Cohens analysis, he uses the analogy of a disaster, where the media produce an inventory or stocktaking of what happened. This inventory contained three things. Exaggeration and distortion are one of them. This is where the media exaggerate the numbers involved and the extent of the violence and damage, and distort the picture through the dramatic reporting and sensational headlines. Second, is prediction and this were the media regularly predict and assume further conflict and violence will take place. Lastly, symbolisation, and this is where the mods and rockers symbols such as- their clothes, bikes, scooters and hairstyles- are negatively labelled and associated with deviance. Cohen goes further and argues that the medias portrayal of events produces a deviance amplification spiral by making it seem as if the problem was spreading and getting out of hand. This then led to an increased control response from the police and also courts. This then in turn produced further marginalisation and stigmatisation of the Mods and Rockers as deviants and less tolerance. The media further amplified the deviance by defining the two groups and their sub cultural styles. By emphasising their supposed differences, the media made clear the two distinct identities and transformed loose-knit grouping into two tight knit gangs. This encouraged polarisation and helped create a self- fulfilling prophecy of escalating conflict as youths acted out roles the media had assigned them. Cohen also observed that the medias definition of the situation are crucial in creating a moral panic, because in large-scale modern societies, most people have no direct experience of the events themselves and therefore have to rely on the media for information about them. In the case of the Mods and Rockers, this allowed the media to portray them as folk devil. However it could be said that the notion described by Cohen are outdated. Fashion and music have become more diverse, and young people rarely identify themselves with one particular style. Subsequently, society has become more complex, fragmented and liberal and its less clear what constitutes deviant behaviour. Thirdly, politicians are cautious when trying to create a moral panic over, for example, teenage mums, in case they are seen as old-fashioned bullies. McRobbie and Thornton argue that society and the media have moved on and new concepts and ideas. They also point out that early versions of the moral panic model saw society as one influenced by postmodernism, would take a more differentiated approach. It has been widely accepted that this is the age of moral panics. From the Bulger case to mad cow disease, newspaper headlines continually warn of some new danger and television programmes  echo the theme with sensational documentaries. Although todays media audiences are accustomed to shock stories. So it could be said that they do not react to manic to media exaggerations. Finally it has been said that the media create moral panic to preserve ruling class hegemony. This was seen in the 1970s mugging, which were sensationalised by the elite to divert the attention from the crisis of the Britain capitalism. In conclusion many of the dramatized stories illustrate many aspects of moral panic and highlight the way such issues are portrayed and orchestrated by the media. As it is the case with many moral panics become deviants such as the Mods and Rockers, and are deemed threatening to our society as a result of the medias reporting of their views and actions.

Contemporary Dance Assesment :: essays research papers

Our year 11 contemporary dance assessment for semester 1 consisted of dance exercises taught by Rachel. Due to a dance injury I sustained 14 weeks ago I was unable to participate in the assessment but, instead was asked to asses my peers and write corrections and strengths they demonstrated throughout the class. In this class I really feel, as a group, they lacked an effective dance vocabulary. In answer to the question ‘What do you feel you need to work on in this exercise?’ there was only really the basic terminology used, basic things said that did not show a very thorough grasp on dance language. I feel that the use and understanding of communication in verbal modes was poor and at a low standard. For this age they should be able to effectively converse appropriate dance vocabulary. Although that said, this conclusion is targeted at the group as a whole; there were certain individuals who came up with some valuable answers. In this task I feel that the demonstration of appropriate dance technique to the contemporary genre was at a satisfactory standard. The correct contemporary technique was evident in a number of students, while others, I feel require more effort. The group, in general lacked physical competencies. Strength and flexibility was not a strong highlight, although they did demonstrate good coordination skills. The drop swings exercise proved to be their strongest asset. The Grande Battement exercise required work, turn out and alignment seemed to be, overall the thing that most people had difficulties in mastering. The identification and application of correct posture and alignment was evident, more often than not throughout the class. In general I feel that my peers have improved over the weeks but still demands a lot more work in order to strengthen their technique. Presenting dance sequences, I feel was a positive feature in the contemporary assessment to some extent. My fellow peers, generally had a thorough grasp on all exercises demonstrated. They understood and carried out dance combinations with great awareness to what they were doing. This said I feel that although my peers know and can demonstrate the exercises, they have no real approach or presentation to their work. Style has a great impact on dance. The way a dancer approaches an exercise or dance piece can change one’s technique, body stance and physical ability. Julie and Stephanie showed a great display of this in all exercises, but particularly the jump exercise.

key concepts to successful business Essay -- essays research papers

It was a challenging task to write about only three concepts that I learned in this informative class. The concepts that stood out to me were Learning Style Inventory, preparation and delivery. I believe these concepts are critical aspects to a person’s success in the business world. One of the concepts that I found to be very interesting was â€Å"The Learning Style Inventory.† â€Å"The Learning Style Inventory (LSI) describes the ways you learn and how you deal with ideas in day-to-day situations.† (Hay/McBer Training Resource Group, 1999, p. 2). The LSI is based on a test. The test contains twelve questions dealing with problem solving, working with others, dealing with adversity, career decisions, and the effect of relationships on individuals. Each question has four optional answers. The answers range from one to four. Answering a question with a one is least like your style. Answer with a four is most like your decision making style. When I began the test, I read all the questions in order, before answering any of them. I then went back to the questions that jumped out at me. I did not answer them from â€Å"least like† to â€Å"most like.† I answered them from â€Å"most like† to â€Å"least like.† I tried to answer the questions with how I do things in my everyday life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I did not only reflect upon how I am at work, but also how I am at home with my family. Upon calculating my score and completing my diagram, I began to see how one sided my learning style is. There are four different learning modes. The first is Concrete Experience (learning from experience). The second is Reflective Observation (thinking before doing). The third is Abstract Conceptualization (analyzing information and forming a plan based on that information). The fourth is Active Experimentation (learning by doing). My score lead me to draw my diagram indicating that my learning style inventory is heavily dependant on concrete experience and active experimentation. I found the theory behind the test to be accurate. I believe that concepts and theories are not learned from books but from experience. A theory is only that; a theory until you have tested the theory and proven it to true or false. One of the ideas that we practice in my line of work, is to have every customer take a test drive. In theory, if you have an eighty percent demonstration ratio, than your closing percenta... ...st sit there silently. We had a rule â€Å"he who talked first lost.† The idea was to allow the customer to react to what you just said, and directly act on their reaction. If the customer was surprised, I acted surprised. If they were mad, I remained calm. If they immediately said no, I acted confused. If they agreed I smiled and congratulated them. I practiced my delivery at home and with my co-workers, until it was perfect. By practicing my delivery over and over again I sounded sincere. When I presented numbers, my deliveries and reactions were flawless, every time. In conclusion, you must agree that preparation and delivery are key concepts to successful business practices. I believe the LSI is the most important concept. Everyone can apply this learning concept to their lives. And if they are honest with themselves they can improve. References Detz, J. (1992). How to write & give a speech. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Hay/McBer Training Resource Group. (1999). Learning style inventory. Boston: Author. Krizan, A.C., Merrier, P., & Jones, C. (2002). Business communication. (5th ed.). Ohio: South-Western College Publishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Essay --

â€Å"Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today†- Malcolm X After carefully considering my aptitude, interests, the nature of my training and my ultimate professional ambition, I have decided to pursue M.S. in Electrical Engineering specializing in the field of my interest namely- Embedded Systems, ultimately leading to a career in teaching and research. As a statement of purpose of my undergraduate study, I describe here my academic background, my research interests and my career goals. The undergraduate programme at SRM University, Chennai is a well-rounded programme. It not only helped me build a solid foundation of Electronics and Communication Engineering fundamentals, but also helped me develop an overall perspective of the vast field of Electrical Engineering. In the final year I developed a keen interest in the area of Embedded Systems. I substantiated my knowledge of these areas by choosing electives on Linear Integrated Circuits, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, VLSI Design, Digital Signal Processing, ASIC Des...

Analysis Aqualisa Quartz Essay

Every company dreams that one day they can bring something unique and very competitive, and use it to dominate the market. But things might not be as easy as they thought. In Aqualisa case, Harry Rawlinson, managing director of Aqualisa, gives us an example that even with new significant shower product Quartz, which seems to be perfect in every aspect, they cannot make a relative progress in U.K. shower market. Quartz is designed to solve all the troubles that exist in U.K. showers. It provides efficient and reliable water pressure and temperature, needs less space in bathroom, has a stylish looking and is easy to use and install. Although Quartz leaps all other showers, the initial sales results turned to be gloomy, as Rawlinson said â€Å"For some reason, it simply wasn’t selling†. To reveal these â€Å"reasons†, we will first look at the general shower market status, and then we will analysis two main factors that cause Quart fail in initial Sales: Quart itself and Plumber. Finally, we will examine Aqualisa’s marketing strategy and find out what is the right thing to do. Shower market in U.K. The U.K. shower market has 3 distribution channels, 3 buyer segments, and 2 Special roles: Plumber and Developer. To give a brief summary, we will use some charts to demonstrate characteristics of these elements, and use it for latter discussions. As we can see, Quartz has 61% in Rate of return (manufacturer) and 47% in Rate of return (retailer), which is not the highest among other products. And we notice that Aquavalve Value, which is in value segment, and Aquaforce 1. 0/1. 5 Bar, which is in Standard segment, have higher Rate of return, but these product sold well in lower segments. Thus Quartz cannot be blamed for overprice, at least it was no more expensive than Aqualisa’s other product. Besides, if we consider the installation cost that saved by Quartz (2 days to half day, with 40-80/hour), Quartz is even cheaper. So either the price was not the reason, or the price was misunderstood. Consumer could be blinded by Quartz’s high retail price and ignore its relatively high produce cost. Besides, Aqualisa â€Å"was generally recognized as having top quality showers, a premium brand, and great service†, that reputation could make consumers form the idea that Quartz is just another premium product which is not cost-effective. This misjudgment of Quartz’s value is the true reason that Quartz was not accepted in lower market. Thus lower Quartz’s price would have less result if the misconception remains unchanged. To solve this problem, Aqualisa need more effort to spread the idea that Quartz is economical and practical. Quartz’s former advertisement plan shows most of its progressiveness, like the picture in Exhibit-9, they list all the priorities, make it even more like a premium product. They need to give some economy features such as the cost of installation, the durability of Quartz’s parts, Quartz’s life time budget etc, and compare Quartz’s features with traditional showers, to remind consumers that Quartz values for their money. Plumber, Friend or Foe? Plumber is an important role in shower market. Exhibit-4 shows that about 73% shower selection are influenced by Plumbers. Yet Plumbers are â€Å"wary of innovation, particularly any innovation involving electronics†, AKA Quartz. The negative impact of Plumber’s attitude is obvious, and even Aqualisa calling â€Å"face-to-face introduce and explain the new product† to their â€Å"very loyal† plumbers, nothing changed in short term. Rawlinson was so desperate to plumbers that he thought about abandon plumbers and target consumers directly. Considering the plumbers’ high clout in current market share, and Aqualisa already have high market share (70%) in Do-It-Yourself Sheds which target consumer directly, give up plumbers would be ineffective and useless. Rather than evade the issue, let’s face it straight: Why Plumbers oppose Quartz and how to change it. The main reason that plumbers reject innovation derived from risk aversion. Because â€Å"unfamiliar products could present unknown performance problems†, which will make plumbers pay money and time to adjust. Former failure case like â€Å"push-button† controls in 1980s had Strengthened plumbers’ stubborn. But Quartz has no substantive contradiction with plumbers, on the contrary, it’s easy to install and operate that could give plumbers substantial benefits. As a matter of fact, Plumbers who â€Å"puts one in†, becomes â€Å"convert†. Thus Plumbers’ prejudice will disappear by time. By saying â€Å"Adoption is a long, slow process† Pestell, Aqualisa national sales manager, did not realize that they do have some ways to speed up the process. In fact, it seems that Aqualisa did not consider plumbers as a distinct important part in their sales. They barely treat plumbers like consumers or retailers, told plumbers how excellent or advanced Quartz is. But what they should do is telling how good Quartz will do to the plumbers themselves. They could show plumbers the contradistinctions in installing Quartz and traditional showers, and emphasize that Quartz will make their daily two days work to half day, reduce both their work intensity and work time. With this advantage, plumbers can do more jobs and be better off in more income. Aqualisa can also give more samples to plumbers or pay non-loyal plumbers to install Quartz to clear former haze of electronics. With focused promotion plan, Aqualisa will make plumbers realize Quartz is favorable, and turn them into steady alliance. Strategy, Breakthrough or Mark time? Aqualisa’s former strategy is Steady and comprehensive. They joined every segments of market and provided their products in all distribution channels. Their current core product is Aquavalve 609, and they had been in the upper level in the market share (â€Å"number two in mixing valves and number three in the overall UK shower market†), only surpass by Triton and Mira (Exhibit-2). When Quartz joins the family, it did not have a clear position among other siblings. Actually, Aqualisa showed no clear expectations in Quartz’s performance. They just spread it to whole market and hope it can dominate. This pointless strategy makes them unconscious to the market response thus they make no effective action when sales encountered difficulties. Even if their final target is the whole market, they could build milestones and interim objectives like enter the high-end market then extend to lower market or simplify the product to catch the lower market with low price then release advance model to premium user. Either way, the company should have a more specific positioning and targeting plan to meet the company’s expectation. Despite the former marketing strategy, Aqualisa now need to decide their next move. Rawlinson showed his trepidation that Aqualisa, which is profitable with its current products, may not be willing to take the risk of promoting Quartz. The risk comes from two sides: first, the development of Quartz has already spent 5. 8 million and three years times, further promotion could cost 3-4 million more. It’s hard to stay profitable with this huge investment. Second, the Quartz has competition effect with company’s Cash Cow product: Aquavalve, which also put company’s stable market share and benefit in uncertainty. The risk of launching new products is inevitable, but is it possible that Aqualisa can sit back, relax and enjoy its current benefit? As we learn from Exhibit-2 (U. K. Market Share Data 2000), Aqualisa, had 18. 1% market share in total units sold, while Triton and Mira were 30. 3% and 21. 7%. In the Electric Showers category, which Aqualisa sold most, the market share was 16. 9% while Triton had 43. 5%. And in Mixer showers category, where core product Aquavalve 609 rest, the market share was 20. 8% while Mira had 36. 4%. With these figure, we cannot say Aqualisa is in a safe place. They did not have domination in any part of the market, and there were significant gap between Aqualisa and market leader. With more than one competitor, Aqualisa could easily be replaced and fall into masses. At this situation, even promoting new product could cost a fortune, Aqualisa still need a breakthrough and Quartz is just what the company need. On the other hand, the existing market structure gives Quartz sufficient space to outspread. If Quartz is good enough to assault Aquavalve 609’s sale, it could also shake the leader position of Triton and Mira’s products. If Quartz is, as Rawlinson said, â€Å"first significant product innovation in the U. K. shower market since forever†, it will beat down others company’s products and increase Aqualisa’s market share, and not only in U. K. market, it can move forward to European markets or global markets, then the current promotion cost would be unremarkable. But if Aqualisa give up Quartz, the opportunity cost would be too big to accept. Rawlinson’s worry will become true: â€Å"In five years’ time, someone else will have got the world market for this technology†. Then the Aqualisa’s experiences would be competitors’ field test and its former investment would contribute to other’s benefit. Conclusion People usually consider that finding the goose is the hard part, but in fact, make the goose laid golden eggs is also not easy. Aqualisa holds its goose named Quartz, and shows us such an example. This case also told us it’s not only about what we have, it’s more about how to connect everything together, including product (Quartz), customer, collaborator (plumber), market, make right decisions and build relationships.

Death and Grief in Midterm Essay

step forward aside was pen by Robert icing who was an American poet born in 1874. He moved to sweet England, a dry land region, where most of his meters were inspired. mid(prenominal) depot rupture was written by Seamus Heaney, who was born on a farm in County Londonderry in Northern Ireland. It is evident that twain poets basiss bind had much influence in their gets writing which can be seen from these twain poems. Although, Robert icing the puck attended Harvard University he had to go steady early to support his family by pathetic to a farm in New Hampshire.He as well had six minorren nonwithstanding tetrad of them died before he did. In break through step forward, he writes or so the harsh reality of a green son from a poor on the job(p) class background having to regulate on a farm in delegate to help his family which led to his turn outrageous and unla workforceted culture. App bently this was found on a true proceeds. Seamus Heaney was o ne of nine children. When he was twelve he won a scholarship to St Columbs College in Londonderry. When he was studying at that place his four stratum old brother, Christopher, was killed in a pathway accident. Mid destination demolish is based on this event. In contrast the cobblers last of Seamus Heaneys brother is described as a very emotional event mourned by family and friends.I am competent to point out many similarities between these the poems but also a number of differences.The themes of the two poems centralize on the devastation of two young boys. However in Mid marches germinate the focus is on the aftermath and emotional responses of friends and family to a terrible accident. The boy is dead at the start of the poem. In step forward extinct the boy dies during the poem. This poem is written similar a running commentary and his family introduce s dead emotion when he dies. I find this direful. Also, both boys have died collectable to an accident at the go ons of a machine. In Mid Term Break, the boy was killed by a political machine and in Out Out he was killed by a buzz saw. The difference is that one boy is left with exclusively a scar, only a poppy vanquish yet the other boy sustains horrific injuries by losing his hand and bleeding to expiration. whizz boy is killed instantly by a car and the other boy late bleeds to death. twain poems create an uneasy opening and an atmosphere of suspense. In Mid Term Break, Seamus Heaney describes the knelling of bells which is a sinister phrase utilise to describe funeral bells. He is also postponement to be picked up by his neighbor which indicates something whitethorn have guideed to a family member. In Out Out, the poems odor begins with the description of the buzz saw which is sour and sinister. The poet uses words alike Buzz, snarled, rattled. These words are words utilize to describe a hungry ferocious animals like a venomous snake or a wild dog. The words are a g ood use of onomatopoeia.They introduce a sniff out of threat into the poem as they might be associated with d crossness and accidents. Robert Frost uses sibilance at the start of his poem. He changes the bank note of the poem and refers to Sweet scented overindulge when the breeze blew across it. This sentence appeals to our sight, emotional state and hearing. These are calm, gentle words in contrast to the threatening words utilise to describe the buzz saw. Seamus Heaney uses alliteration at the start of his poem, Counting bells knelling classes to a closely. The sounds used here make you cerebrate of the tick tock of a clock. It also a metaphor as knelling bells are also bringing his brothers biography to a close.Both of the poems have shocking endings. In Mid Term jailbreak we realise that the dead child was only 4 years old. A four foot box, a foot for all year. Nearly every word in the last line is short. It gives a sense of shortness and comes to an abrupt ending rig htful(prenominal) like the brothers life. The ending in Out Out is equally appalling as it ends with the family showing little or no emotion to the death of their son. It also had an abrupt ending.another(prenominal) simile between the poems is that time is referred to in both of them. In Out Out, reference is make to the sunset far in Vermont. This suggests that sporty is becoming dimmer and the dim light could also have led to the accident occurring and the eerie atmosphere. In Mid Term break the poet refers to 10 Oclock twice which is a bright go against of the sidereal day.Both poems use language with attitude. In Mid-Term Break Seamus Heaney uses metaphors wearing a poppy bastinado this helps create an image because even though we know the dead child is not literally wearing a poppy beat we can imagine what the bruise would gestate like and it is also a type of death. Also alliteration is used in a four foot box, a foot for every year. This makes the text attend more aggressive. It uses this technique to show the families anger at the death of the young child. Both poets use caesura in their poems. The effect of this is to score up tension and perhaps gussy up the reader for un pass judgment events.Caesura is used in Mid Term Break honorable as Heaney is approximately to enter the inhabit where his dead brother was resting. He does not know what to expect. It is used in Out Out at And nothing happened day was all but done. The effect of the caesura is to put on pause the scene painted. It is heart entangle the end of the workings day and the work is nearly completed and everything appears to be normal. In the first line of the poem we had that aspect that something sinister and threatening was going to happen and this pause may be used to allow the reader to prepare us for an expected significant event that was about to take place. Enjambment is used passim Mid Term break. It gives the effect that the poet is in a sort of daze.There are also many differences between the two poems. The two families are from a distinct class. One boy comes from a working class background and another boy is from a more affluent background as the other boy is attendance boarding school. Also, Mid Term Break was written in 1st somebody while Out Out was written in third person.You can witness more about the emotions that are felt in Mid Term Break. Although, Out Out has more action in it as it is a fast catamenia poem.There is also a smash difference in how the families react to the death of the children. In Out Out there was no real emotion shown when the boy finally died. He is left completely and they thence return to their work. In contrast, Mid Term Break describes the scene of the mystify squawking uncontrollably. This would not be an expected reaction for men in Ireland to cry as they would normally bottle their emotions up. The point that Jim Evans said it was a hard jut shows that it was someone close to the family. Friends and family gather at the house to offer their condolences. The body was then brought home and viewed in a coffin.Another difference is how the two boys are tempered by their families. The boy in Out Out is treated as an with child(p) who is doing a mans job. He is treated no different than anyone else. In Mid Term Break, the boy is creation educated. He is however treated like a man when old men stand up to shake his hand as his father is in a bad state, people told strangers that he was the eldest. However, he is then reduced to a keen child again when his mother holds on to his hand as she doesnt wishing to let him out of her sight.There is also a difference in the acceptation of the two deaths. In Out Out there wasnt any suffer amongst the family members but in Mid Term Break there is little bridal particularly from the boys mother. The poem says she coughed out angry tearless sighs. She may be blaming herself as should have been with her child or not let him out o f her sight.

Family Systems and Healthy Development Essay

In like a shots world, families ar propellent and mutualist schemas. The tuitional processes of the chelargonn in the family ar late abnormal by how the family transcription operates. However, a familys mixer structure does non ensure whether it is a hefty family dodge or non. To daytime, families comprise of champion p arnts, stepp arnts, break p atomic number 18nts, remarried adverts, grandp atomic number 18nts, aunts and uncles. They ar two suitable to grant to a squiffy surgical operation family organisation by impact all(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) family unwrapicles involve and encouraging absolute discourse (Jamiolkowski, 2008). proinflammatory family re master(prenominal)ss stimulate water veto and whitethornbe semi indissoluble person-to-person make on a minor, both somatogeneticly and randyly. An mental family ar chain of mountainsment affects maven understandment and kind ontogenesis. More everyplace, b oots put up a oddly distinguished part in their s buzz offrs ghostlike capturement. When a family outline deprivations eldritch computer simulationing, the peasantren do non bankrupt a eldritch affinity and lack spectral nub in their family ways (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). fit Family arrangingsA rosy family transcription is a family building block in which to each one phalluss has their call for met. These unavoidably implicate goodty, security, survival, wonder and belonging, as sound as egotism and burgeon forthmental skills. In a good for you(p) family structure, the family members lot a write out for sensation an some an stageer(a)(prenominal), revere each other and ensue a array of rules that hold dear and assign the welfargon and developing of each family member (Jamiolkowski, 2008). A blessed and whole family governing body has plain-spoken conversation mingled with family members. Opinions and ideas atom ic number 18 support. Since tykeren in a anicteric family remains argon instigated to fade their wants and needs, they atomic number 18 assured bounteous to express up in family matters. This attend tos develop a absolute and reassured self-identity. The baberen in the family ar taught a fond(p)ness chemical group of de terminal figureine to ease up justly from wrong, as advantageously as ad hominem boundaries.Rules, which essential be applied, argon oblige to a greater extent than or less and logically, that argon negotiable. A rosy-cheeked family organisation makes a sister smackc atomic number 18d for, pass and valued. validatory kindleing is a term utilise to expose enhances whose haughty p atomic number 18nting drift is sozzled, with ready and undifferentiated limits, besides with warmth, proactive teaching, engross and stake in their frys accomplice activities, as come up as cool it discussions speckle disciplining. absolu te parents f first gear to be firm and denounce make it and consistent limits. Although strict, they are sweet and substantiative, and leave to the chela the rationale for their punishment, along with an business alliance for why they should act as a veritable(a) way. This encourages liberty in the child (Feldman, 2014). explore has sh bruise that heavy friendships in which confining ties push by dint of with(predicate) are essential when parents provide a warm and supportive situation surroundings (Feldman, 2014). Children simulate incontrovertible accessible interactions and characters, which they accept from the adults in their lives who they mannikin after. Children b assay in think(a) family trunks develop a strong and substantiating relationship with their parents or phencyclidine and al deplorable for encourage ordained relationships with others. frail Family SystemsThe parenting dah in the plateful leave shadow root in differences in the childrens behavior. For example, an magisterial parent is trainling, retaliatory and strict. Their rules are not malleable and do not concentrate expressions of disagreement. These children course to be draw back with piddling sociability. Girls are ordinarily oddly symbiotic on the parents, patch boys scat to be un unremarkably hostile. On the other hand, permissive parenting provides a relaxed and at odds(predicate) regularity of discipline. They side small-minded to no limits or check over on how their children be let, and want subatomic of their children. These children alike hunt down to be dependant and moody, low in loving skills and resultpower (Feldman, 2014). It elicit some beats be heavy to know whether a family strategy is rock- lovable or not. even so good family members rout out baffle understandably incommode by share and acquiret forever and a day cut with nerve-racking situations intimately. However, an ulcerated famil y strategy is commonly cookd by ane or to a greater extent members. Parents who were raise in rheumy family bodys whitethorn agree over the resembling traits to their own families. Also, other factors that cornerst whizz perform an ingrowing family system is a parent or main phencyclidine with a stern toil much(prenominal) as mental illness, intoxi behindt pervert or medicate addiction. This causes conference in the family tobe reach and distorted. Opinions and ideas are disheartened and commonly ignored. ordinarily children call for with complicated messages and contradictory ideas, qualification it fractiouser for them to severalise betwixt allow for and incompatible behavior. They develop scurvy ad hominem boundaries and invite a hard time active in loving relationships (Jamiolkowski, 2008). personal effects of an inflammatory SystemChildren in colicky family systems usually consume from one or more(prenominal) forms of maltreatment. Thi s gage range from strong-arm misdirect to mental mis take or neglect. At least(prenominal) fivesome children are killed each day by their parent or caregiver, and rough 3 meg children are handle or omit each year in the get together States (Feldman, 20124). Abuse, at whatsoever take aim causes long and long-lived effects on the nurture of a child. strong-armly ill-treat children are more probably to be loathly to control and do not aline nearly to innovative situations. They nourish from more headaches and birth aches than the norm child. They likewise recognize shit bed-wetting, smart from eminent anxiety and may press out breedingal delays. mental annoyance is associated with low self-esteem, lying, underachievement in school, and misbehavior.They dissolve intimately dumbfound down(p) and are at full(prenominal) risk for suicide. Victims of physical and psychological evil suffer from so numerous consequences because their wizard goes th rough permanent changes collectable to the abuse. puerility abuse croup melt down to a step-down in the coat of the amygdaloid nucleus and hippocampus. asocial behaviors are caused by the overstimulation of the limbic system through the timber of stress, misgiving or solicitude (Feldman, 2014). It is presumable that the childs parents will define their ghostly and ghostlike development. This is do through oral discourse, evidence and indoctrination of opinions with the help oneself of disciplinary tactics as intimately as rewards (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). Therefore, parents have the all-important(prenominal) task of head their children through their phantasmal development.However, if the parent makes their childs spectral experience a disconfirming one, it may make the child rebel. This apprise return when the parents limn ecstasy towards a certain belief or devotion (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Parents should apply unearthly mould, in which children model their parents weird behavior. This can involve engage in activities that embolden religious and spiritual development and perform scrupulously make pilot ladder for others. These kinds of family routines and traditions help form the phantasmal signification in family flavor (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson, 2006). determinationMaintaining a brawny family system is key fruit for fosterage a confident, loving and emotionally equilibrize child. A rubicund family system provides a overbearing and safe d haleing milieu which promotes communication and wonder betwixt parents and children. verifying parents sustain rules in a consistent, provided flexible manner plot of land explaining to the child the reasoning and lesson behind the consequence. In an enlarged family system, children sometimes house physical and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. This affects promontory development, as well as emotional and social developme nt. Children from asthmatic family systems are usually dependent on the parents, have sequestered personalities or are aggressive. They are ineffectual to create personal and perpetual relationships immaterial of the home, including those at a spiritual level. If the parents do not make validatory sacred and spiritual role modeling at home, the child will credibly not take an absorb in it as well.ReferencesFeldman, R. S. (2014). education crosswise the look frustrate (7th ed.). swiftness burden River, NJ Pearson.Jamiolkowski, R.M. (2008). grapple in a dysfunctional Family. new-sprung(prenominal) York Rosen Pub. radical Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson (2006). The vade mecum of spiritual development in childishness and adolescence. megabyte Oaks sensible Publication.